Learning Maps (II)

Maite Galán & Tom Maguire

In Part I of this article is article we invited you to try Mind Mapping to enhance your learning abilities. This final part will show you how people are enabling teaching and learning through two more tools : concept mapping and body maps. Remember that all that you require to gain maximum profit is an open mind and the determination to experiment with these practical examples and decide which is most suitable for you. So open your parachute and dive into more mapping.

Joseph Novak researches learning models in Cornell University. His research in education has led him to conclude that that our knowledge is not so much discovered as crafted. He describes the traditional classroom pedagogy of showing > telling > repeating as "conceptually opaque" education, suggesting instead the alternative of a constructivist approach he calls "conceptually transparent". This is where students build knowledge by relating what they are learning to their existing knowledge. According to Novak this act of crafting knowledge is what delivers the empowering effect of learning. He proposes a simple tool to help craft knowledge:  the concept map.

Concept mapping is based on a learning model proposed by David Ausubel 
and also on a model of how memory works. Ausubel says that learning takes place by the assimilation of new concepts into existing concept frameworks held by the learner. In other words learning is actually a widening of the student’s internal conception of the world. The concept map mimics this expanding learning process. 

The other model Novak uses defines human memory not as a single "vessel" to be filled, but rather a complex set of interrelated memory systems. He says that knowledge is incorporated into long-term memory through interaction with the short-term memory. All incoming information is organized and processed in the short-term memory by interaction with knowledge in long-term memory. However, the short-term memory can only process small number (five to nine) of psychological units at any one moment. This means that relating two or three concepts at the same time is about the limit of its capacity. Therefore, to structure large bodies of knowledge requires an orderly sequence of interactions between working memory and long-term memory while new knowledge is being received. Novak believes that one of the reasons concept mapping is so powerful for the facilitation of meaningful learning is that it serves as a bridge between the two memories. He considers that the brain organizes knowledge in hierarchical frameworks and thinks that any learning approaches that facilitate this process significantly, such as the concept map, enhance the learning capability of all learners.

In order to construct good concept maps it is important to begin with a topic that is very familiar to the person constructing the map. Once a topic has been selected, the next step is to identify the key concepts that apply to it. These would shoot out from the central topic, as in the example below, designed using the computer software program available at http://cmap.coginst.uwf.edu.

The computer program allows easy moving of groups of concepts and links to restructure the map. You can change the size and font to enhance the concept map and get a printout or image file that you can share with collaborators.  If you prefer to work on paper, post-its make flexible concept boxes to construct a preliminary map. They also allow a group to work on a whiteboard and to move concepts around as ideas and relationships change.
          
It is important to help students recognize that all concepts are in some way                       related to one another. This explicit relationship and the possibility of cross-linking the ideas is what make concept maps different in format from mind maps. You must be selective in identifying cross-links, and be as precise as possible in identifying the linking words that connect concepts. In addition, you should avoid using many words in the boxes since this usually indicates that a whole subsection of the map could be constructed from the statement in the box.

Novak says his students often comment that it is hard to add linking words onto their concept map. This is because they only poorly understand the relationship between the concepts and it is the linking words that specify this relationship. Once students begin to focus on good linking words and identify good cross-links, they can see how every concept could be related to every other concept. This also produces some frustration, and they must choose to identify the most prominent and most useful cross-links. This process involves high levels of ability evaluate and synthesise information. The assessment of this type of performance makes concept mapping a very powerful evaluation tool for the teacher looking to train students in skills for the future.

Novak has also found that concept maps facilitate cooperative learning. He says that there is a growing body of research that shows that when students work in small groups and cooperate in learning subject matter, positive cognitive and affective outcomes result. In his work with both teachers and students, small groups working cooperatively to construct concept maps have proven to be useful in many contexts.

A different type of map is the body map. It is inspired by the work of Anne Dwyer, a freelance teacher and educational consultant in Barcelona. Anne believes in using parts of the body as memory pegs for learning English grammar. The idea is that if learners - especially young learners - can associate grammar structures with body positions then they can effectively grasp the grammar more easily.

I have experimented with Dwyer’s idea and found that you can present grammar structures simply and clearly using her scheme. Here is an example of a presentation of the differences between the Present Simple and the Continuous tenses which I used in class:

I made the above map using Mind manager, which has advantages and inconveniences. The principle advantage is clarity but Dwyer’s original idea uses the five fingers of the right hand to enumerate the Wh? words and three fingers of the left hand to distinguish between the object pronouns, the adverbs of time and those of place. Mind manager doesn’t allow us to reproduce the finger picture within the doll drawing but I did use it in class on the blackboard. The left hand questions look like this:

This representation proved to be immediately comprehensible to students and they were able to create correct sentences without hesitation using the map. The picture also helped me to explain the collocation of frequency adverbs in a minimum of words since you can immediately see where they are to be placed. Above all the map injected an element of fun to learning grammar and pupils welcomed the reappearance of “the doll” as they came to call it.

This style of representation is also a boost for memory. Each time you present a new grammar point using the same map you are really teaching students how to link what they already know with the new material, thus enabling them to remember it better. This gives them a ready reference when it comes to speaking or writing. If you help them transfer the picture to their own bodies they can remind themselves of the grammar by physically carrying the reference around with them inscribed in their own fingers and trunk. Through the stability of the map students will also gradually grasp a sense of the underlying unity of structure of the language.
	
	The saying that heads this article compares the mind to a parachute - it works only when it is open. Mind mapping is an effective tool for learning, but learning needs an open mind to progress. This implies trying things out which is precisely what we invite you to do: try it and see whether it works for you. We also wish you a happy flight with mind mapping.

References

Dianna, Booher. (1992) "Clean Up Your Act: Effective Ways to Organize Paperwork and Get It Out of Your Life" Warner Books, NY,  ISBN: 0446393576

 Buzan, T. (1993) "The Mind Map Book". Plume, Penguin Books, London. ISBN 0 563 86373 8

 Haber, Ralph N. "How We Remember What We See". Scientific American, 105, May 1970. 

 Margulies, Nancy. (1991) "Mapping Inner Space: Learning and Teaching Mind Mapping", Zephyr Press. NY, ISBN: 091370556X. 
     
The Buzan Centres Ltd "The Aging Heresy", 37 Waterloo Rd., Bournemouth, Dorset, BH9 1BD., U.K. Tel: +44(0)202-533593 Fax: +44(0)202-534572 

Websites: 

http://www.sharedvisions.com/explore/literature/mindmap.htm

http://www.ozemail.com.au/~caveman/Creative/Mindmap/index.html

The brain: http://brainday.co.uk/home.html

Biodata:

Maite Galán has a degree in Philology. She works as a language teacher in a high school and has 25 years teaching experience in Spain and France. She is a consultant for McGill University, Canada, in reading material foreign for language students. 
Website: http://www.xtec.es/~tgalan  E-mail: tgalan@pie.xtec.es

Tom Maguire has a BA (English), M-ès-Lettres (French) and Philology degree (Spain). He has 27 years experience in TEFL in France and Spain. At present he teaches EFL in a Spanish State high school near Barcelona. He is interested in using Neuro-linguistic Programming (Nlp) to enhance Learning to Learn strategies. He is a Master Practitioner in Nlp and manages a listserv for those interested in NLP in Education. Website: http://www.xtec.es/~jmaguire
E-mail: jmaguire@pie.xtec.es